Ghana was one of the first African countries to adopt a comprehensive IMF reform program and the one that has sustained adjustment longest. Yet, questions of Ghana's compliance - to what extent did it comply, how did it manage compliance, what patterns of non-compliance existed, and why? - have not been systematically investigated and remain poorly understood. This book argues that understanding the domestic political environment is crucial in explaining why compliance, or the lack thereof, occurs. Akonor maintains that compliance with IMF conditionality in Ghana has had high political costs and thus, non-compliance occurred once the political survival of a regime was at stake.

Ghana was one of the first African countries to adopt a comprehensive IMF reform program and the one that has sustained adjustment longest. Yet questions of Ghana's compliance-such as to what extent did it comply, how did it manage compliance, what patterns of noncompliance existed, and why?-have not been systematically investigated and remain poorly understood. This book argues that understanding the domestic political environment is key to explaining why compliance, or the lack thereof, occurs. The author maintains that compliance with IMF conditionality in Ghana has had high political costs and thus, noncompliance occurred once the political survival of a regime was at stake. Akonor argues that situations in which Ghana did not comply with IMF conditionality were periods prior to elections and periods of elite conflict/instability, when the governments needed to muster domestic support to stay in power.

This book analyzes how, and under what conditions, African International Economic Organizations (IEO) have evolved, and what individual and collective contributions, if any, these African IEOs have had on Africa's socio-economic development. Providing a comprehensive and accessible overview, the book covers the continent's main IEOs, The United Nations Economic Commission on Africa, The African Development Bank; and The New Partnership for Africa's Development as well as the five major Regional Economic Communities, including Economic Community of West African States, and Southern African Development Community. Assessing the degree to which African IEO's have been able to chart their own course in coming up with their development agendas and priorities rather than following the lead of Global Institutions, this book: Provides a descriptive and analytical overview of the historical and contemporary development blueprints produced for Africa Clearly examines the contribution made by African economic institutions towards development Considers whether African economic institutions are building blocks or stumbling blocks in Africa's development Offers a detailed evaluation and critique of African IEOs Enabling the reader to reach a deeper understanding of the challenges and potentials of development on the African continent, African Economic Institutions will be of interest to all students and scholars of African politics and development studies.

This book analyzes how, and under what conditions, African International Economic Organizations (IEO) have evolved, and what individual and collective contributions, if any, these African IEOs have had on Africa's socio-economic development.

Providing a comprehensive and accessible overview, the book covers the continent's main IEOs, The United Nations Economic Commission on Africa, The African Development Bank; and The New Partnership for Africa's Development as well as the five major Regional Economic Communities, including Economic Community of West African States, and Southern African Development Community.

Assessing the degree to which African IEO's have been able to chart their own course in coming up with their development agendas and priorities rather than following the lead of Global Institutions, this book:

• Provides a descriptive and analytical overview of the historical and contemporary development blueprints produced for Africa
• Clearly examines the contribution made by African economic institutions towards development
• Considers whether African economic institutions are building blocks or stumbling blocks in Africa's development
• Offers a detailed evaluation and critique of African IEOs

Enabling the reader to reach a deeper understanding of the challenges and potentials of development on the African continent, African Economic Institutions will be of interest to all students and scholars of African politics and development studies.

This timely volume explores the "dark side" of United Nations (UN) Peacekeeping in Africa: when rather than help establish a rule of law in the host country, they become perpetrators of crime. The work of the UN peacekeepers is generally comprised of police and military personnel, from countries who contribute voluntarily to assist war-torn countries create conditions for lasting peace. Overall, these peacekeeping efforts are perceived positively, with volunteers giving their time and risking their lives to bring normalcy and peace to civilians in countries with conflict. In fact, there are cases where UN Peacekeepers are sometimes the victims of violent crimes, and need security and protection themselves. Although instances of abuse are not widespread and are certainly not isolated to Africa, this work focuses on Africa because there is a high concentration of UN Peacekeepers there, and lessons learned can be applied to other regions. The instances of abuse cover serious crimes including sexual abuse and exploitation, child and arms trafficking, and corruption, all of some of the most vulnerable populations in the world at the time. Although these instances are not extensive, they remain a fundamental problem because there is no existing mechanism for prosecution in the international area: it is only the troops' home country, not the UN, who has the right to exercise criminal jurisdiction. The also undermine the good work that UN Peacekeepers are doing all over the world. This work is concerned with highlighting why these instances occur, and why specific forms of abuse are more prevalent than others. It also discusses how to prevent abuse and violations from happening in the first place, and creating a culture of change and accountability. Finally, taking into account cultural and legal systems from troops' home countries, the author considers the ways that local rules can be aligned with international standards. In will be of interest to researchers in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International Relations, Sociology and Demography, Public Health, Comparative Law, and other related disciplines.